Benefits of Multi Functionality System

Benefits of Multi Functionality System A project can be defined as a temporary measure that is undertaken to create a result. The term temporary means that every project must have a start and a set end date. The end is reached when the objectives of the project have been achieved, or it becomes clear that the project aims for whatever reason will not be met, or the need for the project is not now necessary. Many projects can last for several years. However, the duration of a project is set and would be unfeasible for the project to go on for an indefinite period. Most projects that are undertaken would aim to create or improve something that is needed most projects that are taken on are done for a reason.   For example, the project to erect a Rugby League Greats statue, of four Rugby League Legends will create a result expected to last for many years to come. One thing that cant always be predicted is that sometimes projects often have unintended social, and environmental impacts that far outlast the projects themselves. Project Background The purpose of the project is to critically assess what benefits a new system that has multi functionality would be to Vodafone. At the current time, Vodafone have three different systems that hold vital account information, customer information and network information, this itself causes various problems when it comes to finding a customers details. If the project were to be a success, we could see a reduction in wasted time locating customers details and an overall better organised structure of customer details. Project Aim and Objectives The aim of the project is to investigate and assess the need for a system for Vodafone that can incorporate new and old customers within one main system.   With an initial budget cost of 15 million. By conducting this research, it will give an insight upon what impact the incorporation of said such system would have on the business, stakeholders and the employees. At the current time, Vodafone use three different systems that hold vital account information and customer usage information, this lacks efficiently as has a negative knock on effect of advisors having to find a customers details in the various systems, which is not time effective and increases handling time. To have any kind of success the new system must include the following: Ability to allow just internal users to access the application without downloading any additional software Ability to interface with the existing two well established data warehouse applications. What advantage of a new system (business point of view) What advantage of a new system (Customers point of view) Example of other Business that have incorporated a similar method. Scope Currently, Vodafone use 3 systems for customers: Gemini Crystal VLTS Having 3 main systems is not ideal. Each system has a function that the other does not have, therefore all 3 systems are needed, what is proposed is to incorporate the three current systems to improve efficiency and overall cost. Gemini Used mainly for billing information and queries, would also be used for applying a credit and miscalculations on to account if there was a need to do so. Crystal Also has some billing functions but manually used for assigning faults to a 1st and 2nd tier technical team. VLTS Used for the barring of numbers and the monitoring of queues for problems that would occur on the network. Requirements The outcome of the project is to access the need for a new system the can incorporate all the key main functions of the old 3 systems. Quality of Project Reliability We would need the system to be reliable and to be able to cope with the demands of any tasks that it may need to undertake with large multiple users at the same time. Usability System will be complex due to the different functions it can perform, but must also be user friendly so that in order for the employees to be able to use it. List of Requirements Productivity Planning precision Precision in lead-time, etc. Staff have become frustrated with the need to use 3 systems for all manner of small to large tasks. This, in turn, is creating low staff morale and frustration. It is also creating a need for new starters to be trained on 3 individual systems which is costing the company more money in the long run. By assessing the idea of a new all in one system, this does would certainly create a more positive working atmosphere which in turn will make the workplace a happier environment and in turn happy staff = happy customers.

Advertising Strategies Essay

Advertising Strategies Advertising is used as a means to attract the buyer to follow a brand. There are many different advertising techniques that can be used depending on the demographics of the target market. As a 14-year-old, marketers have to understand what people my age like when it comes to advertising. For an advertisement to be effective for my age group, it needs to appeal to the audience. There are three main types of advertising used for people my own age, and they are celebrity power, lots of action, and the use of attractive women. Celebrity power is one effective form of advertising used for young teenagers. Because of the stage of life that I am currently at, I tend to look up to people who are famous. Most teenagers like to idolize musicians, sports players, and film stars. I am no different in this manner because I do associate myself with my favorite celebrities and try and follow them. If one of my idols is advertising a product, then I am more likely to pay that product some attention. I think that if my favorite celebrity is endorsing a product, then to be a true fan I should start buying that brand. This type of advertising is one of the oldest in the book, but it is also very effective for young people who are searching for an identity. Advertisements that have lots of action are also very popular with my age group. As a teenage boy, I enjoy watching television with great action scenes. This could either be a fight scene or a car chase. Marketers know that people my age like to see lots of action because it gets the adrenaline pumping. I am no different in that I enjoy watching advertisements that include a lot of action. There does not have to be much dialogue or any key message, just the inclusion of action appeals to young boys my age. Unlike the use of celebrities, using action sequences is a type of advertising that only works with males, particularly those around my own age. The third type of advertising that is effective for my age group is the use of sexy women. The saying that â€Å"sex sells† is a well-known one and it has been used ever since advertising first existed. The use of a pretty lady can set something going inside of teenage boys that make them take notice of the  advertisement. Scantily-clad women may be offensive to young females, but to guys like me it can make all the difference when it comes to advertising. I think that the use of attractive women will continue to be used by marketers because they know that it is an effective strategy and plenty of young men will approve of it. We are all bombarded by advertising every single day of our lives because marketers know the opportunities that it can bring. More than this, they also know that advertising can be extremely effective when trying to sell a product or service. For young boys of my age, this is no different. The advertising techniques used to attract people my age can be different from other target markets. The three main advertising strategies that are used to target someone like me are the celebrity factor, action sequences, and the inclusion of attractive young women.

Is Confucianism A Religion - 1595 Words

Is Confucianism A Religion? Without a doubt, Confucius is regarded as one of the greatest sages of China history. Some people even refer to him as a deity. There have even been attempts to make Confucianism into a religion. However, present day people regard Confucius as an ethical teacher rather than a man of religious faith, and they refuse to believe that Confucianism is a religion. However, in order to determine whether Confucianism is a religion, the most important Confucian text, The Analects, must be analyzed to decide whether his teachings were rationally humanistic or based on religion and divinity. Throughout The Analects, it appears evident that there are aspects that seem metaphysical and beliefs that seem religious. One idea of religion that appears to be in The Analects is the idea of fate. This belief in fate suggested that Confucius had some belief in a supreme deity. Throughout The Analects, Confucius reveals many times this sign of divine commission. In Book VII, it quotes, â€Å"The Master said, ‘Heaven is author of the virtue that is in me. What can Huan T’ui do to me?’†(Analects 89). Then in Book XIV, this idea is mentioned again, â€Å"The Master said, ‘It is Destiny if the Way prevails, it is equally Destiny if the Way falls into disuse. What can Kung-po Liao do in defiance of Destiny?’†(Analects 130). Furthermore in Book IX, the Analects refer to fate of the entire society, when it quotes â€Å"the Master said, ‘With King Wen dead, is not cultureShow MoreRelatedIs Confucianism A Religion?1973 Words   |  8 Pageswhether or not Confucianism is a religion has been explored by many writers. Its religious status has been controversial in intellectual circles since the controversy of the Chinese rites of 17th century. There have been several attempts to define the religious character of Confucianism. The arguments by Matteo Ricci that the church should accommodate ancestor worship by Christians of Chinese origin because he considered it veneration and not a true worship was the beginning of Confucianism as a religiousRead MoreConfucianism And Its Impact On Religion1208 Words   |  5 Pagesperson has a religion because it is more peace for the world. In the negative way religion is very controversial because there are many unbeliever cases that have been happen. Since the beginning of human’s life there are many belief and different religious in the world. Knowing about religion is very interesting because with this knowledge, people would respect other people beliefs. Obv iously, if there are many religions, there are people from different religions. There are two religions that I amRead MoreConfucianism : Religion Or Philosophy? Essay1074 Words   |  5 PagesConfucianism: Religion or Philosophy? Most ancient philosophical ideas developed in the ancient Chinese empires are believed to have their roots from Confucius. Confucianism was a simple way of life propagated by Confucius around the fifth and sixth century BC. Often perceived as a religion and other times as philosophy, it is conceivably best unspoken as a comprehensive humanism that neither slights nor denies heaven. The Chinese populaces have devotedly observed Confucianism for nearly two millenniaRead MoreConfucianism : Religion, Religions, Ideologies, And Philosophies1564 Words   |  7 Pagesmany beliefs, religions, ideologies and philosophies have risen and declined thorough out humanity. These religions have their origins, a set of beliefs, a follower-ship, religious or important texts, a spread of the religion, views on women, dietary habits, holidays and like any thing else it has critiques. These are all important aspect when talking about a religion. Religions describe societies and set moral standard of th ose people who choose to follow said religion. These religions are a good historicalRead MoreBuddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, And Religion926 Words   |  4 Pagesthe right to freedom of thought, conscience and religion; this right includes freedom to change his religion or belief, and freedom, either alone or in community with others and in public or private, to manifest his religion or belief in teaching, practice, worship and observance. Focus countries: China, India China: Religions in China: Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Islam, and Christianity Buddhist 18.2%, Christian 5.1%, Muslim 1.8%, folk religion 21.9%, Hindu .1%, Jewish .1%, other 0.7% (includesRead MoreConfucianism And Daoism As Forms Of Philosophy And Religion902 Words   |  4 PagesWhile Confucianism and Daoism as forms of philosophy and religion differ on many levels they share some level of basic similarities of understanding in the world. Surprisingly, in comparison to teachings in other religions, neither of these two religions have a creation myth in the traditional sense but instead believe that in the â€Å"state of â€Å"undifferentiated chaos†Ã¢â‚¬  (IWR, 280) that was all of existence, â€Å"two polar yet complementary energies known as qi (â€Å"breath†, â€Å"energy†, or â€Å"force†)† (IWR 280)Read MoreConfucianism Is An Eastern Asia Religion / Philosophy1071 Words   |  5 PagesConfucianism is an Eastern Asia religion/philosophy. Described as a way of life. Confucianism is neither said to be a monotheistic n or a polytheistic religion. This religion originated in China during the 6th-5th century BCE, and has since then spread to countries such as Korea, Taiwan and Vietnam. Confucianism which means â€Å"The School of the Scholars† developed from the teachings of Confucius. It is more a system of ethics and social behavior. People who follow the teachings of Confucius also observeRead MoreBuddhism, Hinduism, Confucianism And Monotheistic Religions1108 Words   |  5 PagesIn life, one will undertake a spiritual journey in which you will uncover the meaning of the self. Many religions, including Hinduism, Confucianism and monotheistic religions, have developed philosophies placing importance of the â€Å"self.† Emphasis on morality, virtues, honest contribute to the development of the inner self. In religions such as, Islam and Judaism the importance of conducts and worship will lead you to paradise in the after as promised by Allah or Yahweh. The teachings of proper behavi orRead More Confucianism - Filial Piety in Chinese Religion Essay878 Words   |  4 PagesFilial Piety in Chinese Religion Filial piety was an integral part of Chinese culture and therefore was embraced by three of Chinas main religions: Confucianism, Buddhism, and Daoism. Among the three, Confucianism, with its well documented social hierarchy, supported the ideals of filial piety the most. Buddhism and Daoism also supported filial piety in some of their texts, but had monastic systems that prevented monks and nuns from being filial children. The term filial piety refers toRead MoreConfucianism And Taoism : A Common Thread That Is Observed Within East Asian Religions1493 Words   |  6 PagesA common thread that is observed within East Asian religions is that there is an ideal or higher path that one can follow to attain their spiritual goals within their lifetime. The three popular religions in China, which are Buddhism, Confucianism and Taoism greatly emphasized these ideal paths since direct effect of following these paths would bring harmony and structure to the society. Confucianism, a highly philosophical notion centered around the harmony in the society through the utilization

The Essay History and Definition

One damned thing after another is how Aldous Huxley described the essay: a literary device for saying almost everything about almost anything. As definitions go, Huxleys is no more or less exact than Francis Bacons dispersed meditations, Samuel Johnsons loose sally of the mind or Edward Hoaglands greased pig. Since Montaigne adopted the term essay in the 16th century to describe his attempts at self-portrayal in prose, this slippery form has resisted any sort of precise, universal definition. But that wont an attempt to define the term in this brief article. Meaning In the broadest sense, the term essay can refer to just about any short piece of nonfiction  -- an editorial, feature story, critical study, even an excerpt from a book.  However, literary definitions of a genre are usually a bit fussier. One way to start is to draw a distinction between articles, which are read primarily for the information they contain, and essays, in which the pleasure of reading takes precedence over the information in the text. Although  handy, this loose division points chiefly to kinds of reading rather than to kinds of texts. So here are some other ways that the essay might be defined. Structure Standard definitions often stress the loose structure or apparent shapelessness of the essay. Johnson, for example, called the essay an irregular, indigested piece, not a regular and orderly performance. True, the writings of several well-known essayists (William Hazlitt and Ralph Waldo Emerson, for instance, after the fashion of Montaigne) can be recognized by the casual nature of their explorations -- or ramblings. But thats not to say that anything goes. Each of these essayists follows certain organizing principles of his own. Oddly enough, critics havent paid much attention to the principles of design actually employed by successful essayists. These principles are rarely formal patterns of organization, that is, the modes of exposition found in many composition textbooks. Instead, they might be described as patterns of thought  -- progressions of a mind working out an idea. Types Unfortunately, the customary divisions of the essay into opposing types --  formal and informal, impersonal and familiar  -- are also troublesome. Consider this suspiciously neat dividing line drawn by Michele Richman: Post-Montaigne, the essay split into two distinct modalities: One remained informal, personal, intimate, relaxed, conversational and often humorous; the other, dogmatic, impersonal, systematic and expository. The terms used here to qualify the term essay are convenient as a kind of critical shorthand, but theyre imprecise at best and potentially contradictory. Informal can describe either the shape or the tone of the work -- or both. Personal refers to the stance of the essayist, conversational to the language of the piece, and expository to its content and aim. When the writings of particular essayists are studied carefully, Richmans distinct modalities grow increasingly vague. But as fuzzy as these terms might be, the qualities of shape and personality, form and voice, are clearly integral to an understanding of the essay as an artful literary kind.   Voice Many of the terms used to characterize the essay --  personal, familiar, intimate, subjective, friendly, conversational  -- represent efforts to identify the genres most powerful organizing force: the rhetorical voice or projected character (or persona) of the essayist. In his study of Charles Lamb, Fred Randel observes that the principal declared allegiance of the essay is to the experience of the essayistic voice. Similarly, British author Virginia Woolf has described this textual quality of personality or voice as the essayists most proper but most dangerous and delicate tool. Similarly, at the beginning of Walden,   Henry David Thoreau reminds the reader that it is ... always the first person that is speaking. Whether expressed directly or not, theres always an I in the essay -- a voice shaping the text and fashioning a role for the reader. Fictional Qualities The terms voice and persona are often used interchangeably to suggest the rhetorical nature of the essayist himself on the page. At times an author may consciously strike a pose or play a role. He can, as E.B. White confirms in his preface to The Essays, be any sort of person, according to his mood or his subject matter.   In What I Think, What I Am, essayist Edward Hoagland points out that the artful I of an essay can be as chameleon as any narrator in fiction. Similar considerations of voice and persona lead Carl H. Klaus to conclude that the essay is profoundly fictive: It seems to convey the sense of human presence that is indisputably related to its authors deepest sense of self, but that is also a complex illusion of that self -- an enactment of it as if it were both in the process of thought and in the process of sharing the outcome of that thought with others. But to acknowledge the fictional qualities of the essay isnt to deny its special status as nonfiction. Readers Role A basic aspect of the relationship between a writer (or a writers persona) and a reader (the implied audience) is the presumption that what the essayist says is literally true. The difference between a short story, say, and an autobiographical essay  lies less in the narrative structure or the nature of the material than in the narrators implied contract with the reader about the kind of truth being offered. Under the terms of this contract, the essayist presents experience as it actually occurred -- as it occurred, that is, in the version by the essayist. The narrator of an essay, the editor George Dillon says, attempts to convince the reader that its model of experience of the world is valid.   In other words, the reader of an essay is called on to join in the making of meaning. And its up to the reader to decide whether to play along. Viewed in this way, the drama of an essay might lie in the conflict between the conceptions of self and world that the reader brings to a text and the conceptions that the essayist tries to arouse. At Last, a Definitionof Sorts With these thoughts in mind, the essay might be defined as a short work of nonfiction, often artfully disordered and highly polished, in which an authorial voice invites an implied reader to accept as authentic a certain textual mode of experience. Sure. But its still a greased pig. Sometimes the best way to learn exactly what an essay is -- is to read some great ones. Youll find more than 300 of them in this collection of  Classic British and American Essays and Speeches.

Language As An International Language Essay - 947 Words

In line with the trend of globalization and the growing recognition of language as resource, English as an international language has increasingly attracted ESL learners across the world to study in the United States. While international ESL learners collectively contribute to the diversity of education on the macro level, they bring their distinctive identities into each classroom on the micro level. Situated in a multicultural learning environment, learners constantly represent and negotiate their identities through classroom interaction with other participants. Investigating participants’ identities is significant because it not only provides valuable insights of applying humanistic education principles to ESL teaching and designing (Elias Marriam, 2005), but informs teachers of potential chances and barriers that particular individuals or groups confront (Gutowska, 2014). In this paper, I analyze a three-minute classroom discourse to demonstrate how participants’ i dentities can be constructed, negotiated, and reconstructed through interaction in an intermediate-level adult ESL classroom. Conceptual Orientation Adopting a sociocultural approach, I conceptualize language learning as a socially constructed activity, where a teacher should question how participants’ identities are shaping or shaped by the context. While identity is frequently characterized as a social construct, the critical dimension of individuality should also be considered. Burke and Sets (2009)Show MoreRelatedEssay on English Language: The International Language515 Words   |  3 Pages Language is important because its one of the main ways to communicate and interact with other people around us. It keeps us in contact with other people. English language is an example for the importance of a language because it is the international language and has become the most important language to people in many parts of the world. It is most widely used in communicating around the world, Also it is spoken as the first language in many countries. English is playing a major roleRead MoreEnglish Is An International Language1475 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish is an international language. When you travel to other countries, you can communicate them by using English. Many people are trying to learn English, so the number of students who study English literature or linguistics has been increasing. Learning English literature is a good choice to improve people’s English because literature and linguistics are related to each other. Learning a foreign language is not an easy thing. And it’s not just about learning language; it’s about understandingRead MoreEnglish As An International Language1155 Words   |  5 PagesIntroduction English is an international language is it required in most countries. As any language, English has four skills to master it: reading, listening, speaking and writing. It depends on the purpose why you will use English. For example, a researcher or a writer needs to master writing; while a traveler needs to know how to speak to interact. For me I learned to speak Standard English independently applying five strategies which can be used by teachers to teach speaking of English. The wayRead MoreThe Language Of International Business Essay1741 Words   |  7 Pagesother villages they did not have the same language. When speakers started to trade, they communicate using their own language and adopting some words from the others as a result of the mix of this two â€Å"languages† it is known as a â€Å"pidgin†. Currently the society needs a language that acts as a universal language or â€Å"lingua franca† it means it is the language that plays a fundamental role sharing knowledge in a certain period of time. A Lingua Franca is a language that is used universally outside fromRead MoreEnglish Is An International Language1255 Words   |  6 PagesEnglish is an international language, and it is one of the foreign languages that many students want to learn. Success in learning English means master not only language skills but also language components. There are four language skill, listening, speaking, reading, and writing. In addition, there are three language components that are equally important to master the language. They are grammar, vocabulary, and pronunciation. Grammar is considered as one of the most important as well as the mostRead MoreEnglish as an International Language5090 Words   |  21 PagesAN INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE Abstract This paper is intended to raise awareness on the aspects which define English as an international language, by examining the characteristics of an international language, the number of users, how it spread to reach global status, what factors may impede its continued spread and what dangers are involved in the development of English as an international language. English’s international statusRead MoreInternational Mother Language Day877 Words   |  4 PagesOur Mother Language Day (21st February) UNESCOs declaration of 21st February as the International Mother Language Day has brought fresh glory and prestige to Bangladesh which is making significant strides towards peace, progress and prosperity at home and discharging international obligations abroad. After 1952, the people of Bangladesh have been observing every year the 21st day of February as their glorious and unforgettable Language Martyrs Day. What happened on 21st February 1952 is widelyRead MoreEnglish Is An International Business Language1399 Words   |  6 Pagesa universal way of life is proved by the spread of English. Language - the great agent of homogenization, it is the wave on which culture is transmitted. If English becomes the main language of communication, the consequences are obvious: culture of English-speaking countries will be dominant in the world. English is the first universal global language. Although there may be as many people who speak different dialects of Chinese language, as well as Engli sh-speaking, nevertheless, English is undoubtedlyRead MoreTeaching English As An International Language754 Words   |  4 PagesThe rapid spread of English has inspired many scholars to look into the probability of shifting from traditional ENL (English as a native language) pedagogy in ELT to EIL (English as an International Language (Jenkins 2009; Kirkpatrik 2007; Sharifian, 2009, Matsuda 2012, McKay, 2012). Taken together, the goal of teaching English today from an EIL perspective is to prepare the learners to use English to become part of the globalized world, which is linguistically and culturally various, and thus bothRead MoreThe Impact Of English As An International Language2023 Words   |  9 PagesThe Impact of English as an International Language What happens when a language disappears? Why do languages disappear? These questions might not be commonly asked, despite the fact that a language dies every fourteen days (Rymer). Humans were created with the unique ability to use speech for communication; yet, languages are disappearing as time passes . Crucial to cultures, communication, and society, languages define individuals beyond their native tongue. According to Rymer, from National Geographic

To Miss C.O. Y R. Free Essays

To Miss C. O. y R. We will write a custom essay sample on To Miss C.O. Y R. or any similar topic only for you Order Now by Jose Rizal (A Translation from the Spanish by Nick Joaquin) Why ask for those unintellectual verses that once, insane with grief, I sang aghast? Or are you maybe throwing in my face my rank ingratitude, my bitter past? Why resurrect unhappy memories now when the heart awaits from love a sign, or call the night when day begins to smile, not knowing if another day will shine? You wish to learn the cause of this dejection delirium of despair that anguish wove? You wish to know the wherefore of such sorrows, and why, a young soul, I sing not of love? Oh, may you never know why! For the reason brings melancholy but may set you laughing. Down with my corpse into the grave shall go another corpse that’s buried in my stuffing! Something impossible, ambition, madness, dreams of the soul, a passion and its throes Oh, drink the nectar that life has to offer and let the bitter dregs in peace repose! Again I feel the impenetrable shadows hrouding the soul with the thick veils of night: a mere bud only, not a lovely flower, because it’s destitute of air and light Behold them: my poor verses, my damned brood and sorrow suckled each and every brat! Oh, they know well to what they owe their being, and maybe they themselves will tell you what. Translated from the Spanish by Nick Joaquin Source http://joserizal. info/Writings/Poetry/poetry. lwp. htm#To%20Josephina%20%28To%20Miss%20C. O. %20y%20R. %29 How to cite To Miss C.O. Y R., Papers

Evaluating Nixons and Eisenhowers Use of Power free essay sample

Modern Presidency Research Paper Foreign Policy: Evaluating Nixon’s and Eisenhower’s’ Use of Power Both President Dwight Eisenhower and Richard Nixon were presidents during the cold war. Their uses of presidential power within foreign policy greatly shaped the United State’s strategies in cold war politics. Comparing their actions as Chief Diplomat, Chief Legislator, Chief Executive and Commander in Chief shows how they have used both their formal and informal powers to lead the nation. President Eisenhower was much more successful in gaining congress approval through working with them yet had much more trouble dealing with peace abroad. Nixon was able to use powers to make successful gains within the cold war abroad, yet had trouble working with others at home. As Chief Diplomat, Dwight Eisenhower vocalized the domino theory, meaning that if one country fell to communism this would lead to the fall of another country and so on (Skidmore 2004, 259). During his presidency, he believed that many nations were susceptible to Soviet sponsored Communism and that proactive United States commitment to world affairs would deter this effect. He theorized that communication between the Soviet Union and the United states was critical to the safety of the world, even if both countries were stocking up on nuclear weapons (PBS Eisenhower 2002, 1). Using his formal powers as Chief diplomat, Eisenhower tried to make an executive agreement with the USSR. Open Skies was the name of this first proposal to the USSR, he proposed this at the 1955 Geneva Convention. His plan included each nation giving one another a full description of their military facilities, and allowing one another to conduct aerial inspections to make sure that the descriptions provided were correct. This plan was rejected by the Soviets because they had previous knowledge of the whereabouts of the United States military facilities (PBS Eisenhower 2002, 1). Eisenhower used his powers of executive agreements many times as Chief Diplomat. He commanded United States negotiations to maintain communication with the Soviets, trying to come to an agreement to ban nuclear testing (PBS Eisenhower 2002, 2). Eisenhower used this strategy when dealing with Korea as well, sending his secretary of state, John Dulles, to talk with Prime Minister Nehru. Dulles conveyed to Nehru a warning that if the resolutions n Korea stopped, the United States may expand the war. However, talking to leaders of Korea indirectly was not a successful use of his power because the warnings given to Nehru never reached Eisenhower’s intended audience (Damms 2002, 34). Eisenhower also used his informal powers as Chief Diplomat. In 1953, he gave a speech highlighting the large amount of human cost that the cold war could bring to both the USSR and the United States. He offered Georgi Malenkov the cooperation and goodwill of the United States in exchange for the USSR’s discontinuation of extension of land and influence over other nations. This use of informal powers also proved to be unsuccessful when the Russians responded coldly (PBS Eisenhower 2002, 1). During Eisenhower’s last years in office, he began to make a breakthrough by meeting with Nikita Khrushchev, secretary of the Communist party. This meeting was a successful use of formal diplomatic powers because they agreed to meet again in 1960. However, an unwise use of executive power disrupted their meeting (PBS Eisenhower 2002, 2). Although Ike tried diligently to make executive agreements with communist nations, he was unsuccessful. However, his diplomatic relations formed a base for the United States policy during the rest of the cold war. (Damms 2002, 109-110). As Chief diplomat, Nixon used a variety of formal and informal powers in foreign policy. Unlike Eisenhower who chose to follow a safe route, acting conservatively, Nixon was distinctly a chance taker. Nixon saw that he had extended powers, due to the fact that he served as president during a war. These extended powers added to Nixon’s ability to accomplish this, further tempted Nixon to achieve great changes within foreign policy (Melanson 1996, 45). Nixon was able to limit congress’s oversight of his administration, and the publics control by using the Chief Diplomat formal power of secrecy. He wanted to use these formal powers to show that the president could plan and execute foreign policy as efficiently as historic leaders (Small 1999, 61). Nixon used his power of executive agreements manipulatively in a strategy that he called, linkage politics; this is a term for strategically organizing the United States relationships with communist powers (Small 1999, 63). Nixon knew that he must settle the Vietnam War with honor because it was a stake in Southeast Asia. Using his theory of linkage politics he saw that the end of the Vietnam War would affect negotiations with China and Russia (Small, 1999 65). He first tried to make an executive agreement with Russia, by explaining to them his idea of â€Å"strategic parity. This was an idea that because both nations had enough weapons to completely demolishes the other, neither should start war, and peace would continue. Like Eisenhower’s attempts, Nixon was unable to make an agreement with the USSR and talks continued to be slow (PBS Nixon 2002, 2). Playing the China card was a new way Nixon was able to integrate his idea of linkage politics. His theory was that because China was afraid of the Soviets, they may purse relations with the United States, which in return, would help control the USSR (PBS Nixon 2002, 1). In 1970, Nixon began to implement this theory by engaging in covert talks with China at Warsaw, using his formal powers of secrecy and executive agreements. However, China was angered when Nixon increased US troops in Cambodia and ceased talks. Like Eisenhower, Nixon began to try to relay messages through other parties such as Pakistan and Romania to China. After a year of sending these messages, China finally opened up to discussion once again (PBS Nixon 2002, 2). President Nixon then used another informal power by setting up United States ping pong players to visit China. Before Nixon had done this, the United states and China had not had a cultural exchange since 1949. â€Å"Ping pong diplomacy† pleased most Americans and helped to advance Nixon’s relations with China. By doing so, he also helped improve his relations with Russia because they feared a strong relationship between China and the United States (PBS Nixon 2002, 2). In 1972, Nixon was finally able to meet with Chinese official, Lai, in China. During this meeting, Nixon did not make any agreements with China, but this started a friendly relationship with one another. Due to his strategies, Nixon was also able to meet with a Soviet official, Leonid Brezhnev, where he signed ten formal agreements, including an anti-ballistic treaty and the SALT Treaty (PBS Nixon 2002, 2-3). Eisenhower and Nixon both had the same approaches to using their formal powers as Chief Diplomat. They both wanted to make agreements with communist nations. However, Nixon was able to use more planning within making these agreements. In return, Nixon achieved his goals in establishing relationships with the communist powers. Eisenhower was unable to establish these relationships, but was able to keep peace during his presidency. Nixon also used more informal powers. Eisenhower began his role as chief legislator within foreign policy by supporting the idea of containment (Damms 2002, 27). He wanted to be able to keep peace with the USSR without spending too much money on the arms race. His problem was being able to accomplish the conflicting goals of having adequate defense, and keeping the nations debt low (Damms 2002, 29). As Chief Legislator, Eisenhower developed a plan called the New Look and used the formal power of recommending the plan to congress. The New Look supported Eisenhower’s views of containment without bankruptcy, it was a conservative program. Congress reviewed the recommendations and began implementing the New Look in 1955. The army would be reduced from 22 divisions to 14 and have the service and support units depleted, the navy and 125,000 personnel cut and were limited to 1000 ships. However, the air force increased form 115 airplanes to 137 (Damms 2002, 32). † Although congress enacted Eisenhower’s plans without much objections, this soon changed and Ike found that congress, the armed forces, and even his own administration n o longer supported the â€Å"New Look†. They feared that it was creating a missile gap. (Damms 2002, 32). President Eisenhower also faced great opposition within the Senate. Even though the Republicans controlled congress, he was at the peak of his popularity, and the communist threat was at its greatest, Republican Senator John Bricker of Ohio introduced an amendment that would limit Eisenhower’s formal powers as Chief Diplomat (Peterson 1994, 222). This amendment would requisition Article 6 of the Constitution and limit the president’s power to negotiate treaties and executive agreements. In 1954, even though Eisenhower had strongly opposed this amendment, it almost was passed, missing only one vote to gain the 2/3 of the senate necessary (Peterson 1994, 222). Eisenhower’s narrow victory and the continuing threat that the amendment may pass, deeply affected his approach to congress and foreign policy (Peterson 1994, 222). For example, Eisenhower agreed not to request approval of the human rights covenants, he also unwillingly signed a bill that required the president to send all executive agreements to the senate within 30 days of their implementation. Both show that Eisenhower made decisions that he would have not have made under other conditions (Peterson 1994, 222). In 1957 the soviets launched the first space satellite, Sputnik.